Assessment of Potential Impacts of Fires at BESS Facilities

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have become an essential component of modern energy infrastructure, supporting grid stability, renewable energy integration, and peak demand management. While concerns about fire hazards have been raised, historical data and scientific studies indicate that BESS remains a relatively safe technology with minimal environmental contamination risks.

This report provides an analysis of historical BESS fire incidents and their causes, a review of the types of contaminants released, the extent of environmental impacts, and how advancements in safety regulations and technology have mitigated risks. Case studies illustrate the evolution of BESS safety and the limited environmental consequences of such fires.

Key findings include:

• Historical incidents: An analysis of BESS fire incidents in the United States reveals that the incidents involved early-generation systems lacking modern safety features. Improved safety measures in newer systems have significantly reduced risks.
• Environmental impact: Studies show that BESS fires have minimal long-term environmental impact. Airborne emissions are short-lived and localized, and soil and water contamination risks are minimal.
• Firefighting strategies: Modern firefighting tactics emphasize containment and cooling rather than active suppression, reducing potential environmental impacts.

Many reported fire incidents involved legacy systems that were designed, installed, and operational before the development and implementation of comprehensive national safety standards, such as NFPA 855 and UL 9540A. Modern standards and designs have significantly improved fire safety and minimized environmental risks. Continuous advancements in technology and adherence to best practices ensure BESS remains a reliable and safe option.