Clean energy storage facts

Facts

Energy storage is critical to an efficient, clean electric grid. It enables us to produce clean energy when it’s abundant, store it, and put it back into the electricity grid when needed. Just as refrigeration changed how people consumed food, energy storage can revolutionize how we use energy.

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Statistics

11,071 MW

U.S. battery storage jumped from 47 MW in 2010 to 11,071 MW in 2023.

88%

Lithium-ion battery pack prices have fallen 88% from more than $1,300/kWh in 2010 to $151/kWh in 2021.

80 GW

Large-scale battery storage capacity will grow from 1 GW in 2019 to 80 GW in 2030, according to the average forecast.

The Clean Energy Future Looks Bright

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Battery storage for renewable energy will open new doors and allow for clean energy to become even more reliable, accessible and readily available.

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Enhancing reliability, reducing costs, and increasing grid resilience.

Benefits of Clean Energy Storage

Energy storage is a game-changer for American clean energy. It allows us to store energy to use at another time, increasing reliability, controlling costs for consumers, and ultimately helping build a more resilient grid.

Enhancing grid reliability

Energy storage enhances reliability, ensuring the seamless, synchronized delivery of electricity to consumers and businesses.

A more flexible, nimble grid

Storage increases flexibility for the grid and helps provide uninterrupted power for consumers, businesses, and other users.

Reducing consumer costs

Storage can offset costs by storing energy when prices are low and discharging it during peak periods when rates are higher.

Protecting productivity

During brief outages, energy storage can help businesses avoid costly disruptions and continue normal operations.

Minimizing power outages

Energy storage protects consumers from lost food and medicines as well as other inconveniences of electrical blackouts.

Making clean energy more viable

Energy storage enables us to power the grid using renewables like solar and wind, even when the sun is down or the wind is not blowing.

Smoothing out variable energies

Energy storage helps smooth out intermittent resources’ output by discharging during periods of low production.

Higher energy density

Compared to other generation systems, battery storage systems take up little space for the amount of power they release.

How energy storage works

Mechanical energy storage

The oldest and most common form of energy storage is mechanical pumped-storage hydropower.

Water is pumped uphill using electrical energy into a reservoir when energy demand is low. Later, the water is allowed to flow back downhill, turning a turbine that generates electricity when demand is high.

How energy storage works

Electrochemical energy storage

Electrochemical energy storage is the most common and fastest-growing form of energy storage.

This approach uses batteries, which store and discharge electricity through chemical reactions. The most common chemistry for battery cells is lithium-ion, but there are several other options as well.

How energy storage works

Thermal energy storage

Thermal energy storage is most commonly associated with concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, which use solar energy to heat a working fluid that drives a steam turbine to generate electricity.

In some cases, reservoirs of the heated working fluid can be stored and used by the steam generation system minutes or even hours after solar generation has fallen.

How energy storage works

Energy storage facilities

Energy storage facilities differ in both energy capacity (total amount of energy that can be stored, measured in kilowatt-hours or megawatt-hours), and power capacity (amount of energy that can be released at a single point in time, measured in kilowatts or megawatts).

How energy storage works

Designed for specific needs

Energy storage systems are designed to meet specific storage needs, such as short-term to better regulate the output of a wind or solar plant, or longer-term to better match plant supply and grid demand.

What you should know about energy storage.

Frequently asked questions

Applications of energy storage

Is energy storage necessary to integrate renewable energy sources like wind and solar?

No, but energy storage is one of several technologies that can make the grid more flexible and allow us to integrate renewable energy resources more easily and effectively. However, studies and real-world experience demonstrate that interconnected power systems can safely and reliably integrate high levels of renewable energy without new energy storage resources. Several states like Iowa, Kansas, and Texas now generate a significant amount of their electricity using wind and solar, without widespread deployment of storage. In many systems, energy storage may not be the most economic resource to help integrate renewable energy, and other sources of system flexibility can be explored, including transmission expansion, increasing conventional generation flexibility, and changing various operating procedures, among others.

How does energy storage help make renewables like wind and solar more practical and reliable?

Energy storage can allow us to incorporate more wind and solar into the grid by smoothing out the variable generation from these rapidly growing renewable energy sources. As more wind and solar resources are added, storage will become more important for an efficient, reliable, and clean grid.

Importantly, energy storage can help shift clean energy generation to when it is needed most. For example, peak power usage in most of the U.S. occurs on summer afternoons and evenings, just as solar generation is declining. Temperatures can be hottest during these times, and people who work daytime hours get home and begin using electricity to cool their homes, cook, and run appliances. Energy storage allows us to shift renewable energy to the evening peak hours when demand is highest. It provides the potential for the grid to be powered around the clock by renewables, even when the sun is down and wind isn’t blowing.

Combining energy storage with wind and solar—either at project sites or at the grid scale—also helps smooth out variations in how wind and solar energy flow into the electric grid. Both wind and solar energy production fluctuates based on the availability of wind and solar resources; they are inherently intermittent. A passing cloud, for example, can rapidly change a solar plant’s output. Storage can help smooth intermittent resources’ output to the grid by discharging during periods of low production for the source power plant.

Can energy storage work with all fuel sources?

Yes, energy storage systems are technology- and fuel-neutral. Electricity can be generated by any number of technologies, including renewables like wind and solar as well as oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear power. Since conventional generation is less variable in nature, it tends to benefit less from integrated energy storage, but in some cases there are benefits to optimize supply and demand, shift generation to peak demand, and provide grid management.

Cost implications of energy storage

How much does it cost to build a solar-plus-storage plant?

The DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy provides useful data to understand the costs of solar-plus-storage and how duration of storage impacts cost. It may seem counterintuitive, but energy storage costs actually decrease with longer duration because the cost of inverters and other hardware account for more of the total system’s costs over a shorter period of time, according to DOE data. A standalone 60 megawatt storage system will decrease in cost per megawatt-hour (MWh) as duration increases. In other words, the longer your storage lasts, the lower the cost per MWh.

How does storage reduce energy costs?
  • Supports the integration of more wind and solar generation: Wind and solar are the cheapest sources of electricity. Energy storage supports the integration of higher and higher shares of renewables, enabling the expansion and incorporation of the most cost-effective sources of electricity generation.
  • Reduces energy waste: Energy storage can help eliminate energy waste and maximize the benefits of renewable energy. Energy storage is the only grid technology that can both store and discharge energy. By storing energy when there is excess supply of renewable energy compared to demand, energy storage can reduce the need to curtail generation facilities and use that energy later when it is needed.
  • Improves grid efficiency: Energy storage is instantly dispatchable to function both as generation and load, so it can help the grid adjust to fluctuations in demand and supply, which optimizes grid efficiency, alleviates transmission congestion, and increases grid flexibility. This reduces overall system costs.
  • Limits costly energy imports and increases energy security: Energy storage improves energy security and maximizes the use of affordable electricity produced in the United States.
  • Prevents and minimizes power outages: Energy storage can help prevent or reduce the risk of blackouts or brownouts by increasing peak power supply and by serving as backup power for homes, businesses, and communities. Disruptions to power supply can be extremely costly and hazardous to health and safety. Energy storage makes the grid more resilient and reliable.

Energy Storage Basics

What is the relationship between energy storage capacity and duration?

The DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy provides useful data to understand the relationship between megawatts and storage duration. Consider their example using a 240 megawatt-hour (MWh) lithium-ion battery with a maximum capacity of 60 megawatts (MW). A 60 MW system with four hours of storage could work in a number of ways:

You can run the battery at maximum power for four hours
You can run the battery at half power for eight hours

Taking that example another way, you could use that same storage system to produce a lot of power in a short amount of time or less power over a longer period of time. That means a 240 MWh battery could power:

60 MW over 4 hours
30 MW over 8 hours
15 MW over 16 hours

However, depending on a system’s capacity, it may not be able to get 60 MW of power instantly. That is why a storage system is referred to by both the capacity and the storage time (e.g., a 60 MW battery with 4 hours of storage) or—less ideal—by the MWh size (e.g., 240 MWh).

While this example focuses on batteries—since most energy storage being built today is battery-based—the same concept of megawatts to hours of usage applies using any storage system to store and release electricity.

Why do we need batteries to support the electricity grid?

Energy storage fundamentally improves the way we generate, deliver, and consume electricity. Battery energy storage systems can perform, among others, the following functions:
1. Provide the flexibility needed to increase the level of variable solar and wind energy that can be accommodated on the grid.
2. Help provide back-up power during emergencies like blackouts from storms, equipment failures, or accidents.
3. Lower costs by storing energy when the price of electricity is low and discharging that energy back onto the grid during peak demand.
4. Balance power supply and demand instantaneously, which makes the electrical grid more reliable, resilient, efficient, and cleaner than ever before.

How are batteries connected to the electrical grid different from batteries in laptops and mobile devices?

Battery energy storage systems operate by converting electricity from the grid or a power generation source (such as from solar or wind) into stored chemical energy. When the chemical energy is discharged, it is converted back into electrical energy. This is the same process used with phones, laptops, and other electronic devices. However, while batteries in consumer electronics have a single function, those connected to the electrical grid — which are much larger — serve more complex functions. For instance, electrical grid batteries must be combined with power conversion devices to produce AC (alternating current) power. Batteries connected to the electrical grid can also have a different composition than those found in consumer electronics.

What is the risk of fire or explosion associated with battery storage systems?

Safety events that result in fires or explosions are rare. Explosions constitute a greater risk to personnel, so the US energy storage industry has prioritized the deployment of safety measures such as emergency ventilation to reduce the buildup of flammable gases. Such ventilation can reduce the effectiveness of fire suppression, so an increasing number of manufacturers have adopted a strategy of allowing fires in individual battery enclosures to burn out in a controlled manner, while also preventing the propagation of fire between enclosures. The rationale is that fire consumes any flammable gases as they are produced, thus preventing explosions. Additionally, allowing the battery to burn avoids problems with stranded energy and reignition, both of which have been issues with electric vehicle fires. The monitoring systems of energy storage containers include gas detection and monitoring to indicate potential risks. As the energy storage industry reduces risk and continues to enhance safety, industry members are working with first responders to ensure that fire safety training includes protocols that avoid explosion risk.

A diagram looking at a battery energy storage system for clean energy.

Do energy storage systems pose a risk to first responders?

Battery energy storage system operators develop robust emergency response plans based on a standard template of national best practices that are customized for each facility. These best practices include extensive collaboration with first responders and address emergency situations that might be encountered at an energy storage site, including extreme weather, fires, security incidents and more.

They also address emergency response roles and highlight the importance of coordinating with first responders—particularly during planning—to ensure there is a complete and detailed shared understanding of potential emergencies and the proper safety responses. Emergency response plans also include contact details for subject-matter experts who can advise first responders on appropriate actions for each situation.

To learn more, read ACP’s Energy Storage Emergency Response Plan Template.

Do battery energy storage systems pose a risk to the broader community?

In the rare case where fires do occur, they may be managed without endangering broader communities. A study for the New York State Energy Research & Development Authority states that, while battery fires emit toxic fumes, the average level of toxicity is similar to that of plastics fires involving materials such as sofas, mattresses, or office furniture. Depending on the size of the facility, authorities may close nearby roads and issue shelter-in-place advisories to local residents. The diverse system components that comprise the energy storage facility have chemical and fire smoke data that can be utilized to determine the risks for each facility. The code-required Hazard Mitigation Analysis will summarize how risks beyond the site boundary will be prevented.

A September 2022 fire in California presents a case study where a thermal event was resolved with minimal effect to the local community. Fire broke out in one battery enclosure (out of 256). The fire did not spread to adjacent units, and firefighters had been trained to allow the fire to burn while protecting nearby exposures. After some hours, shifting winds caused a nearby highway to be closed and residents were advised to shelter in place with their windows closed. The fire burned itself out in five hours, leaving no possibility of reignition. Approximately 18 hours after the fire broke out, the highway was reopened and the advisory lifted when air-quality sampling around the facility showed no detectable traces of airborne contaminants.

Are these batteries built to withstand extreme weather events?

Battery energy storage systems are currently deployed and operational in all environments and settings across the United States, from the freezing temperatures of Alaska to the deserts of Arizona. These systems are designed with associated heating and cooling systems to ensure optimal battery operations and life based on the environmental conditions at the installation location. Not only are battery energy storage facilities built to withstand disruptive weather events, but they can also help increase resiliency to extreme weather events, prevent power outages, and provide back-up power.

Do batteries leak or emit pollution?

In normal operation, energy storage facilities do not release pollutants to the air or waterways. Like all energy technologies, batteries can present chemistry-specific hazards under fault conditions. Batteries with free-flowing electrolytes could leak or spill chemicals, so these systems are normally equipped with spill containment. Batteries with aqueous electrolytes may emit small quantities of hydrogen gas in normal operation and larger amounts under fault conditions, but these emissions are handled by ventilation systems and are not considered polluting. As discussed previously, all batteries release toxic substances in a fire, and if water is used for firefighting, it can create contaminated runoff – another reason for manufacturers’ recommendations to allow fires to burn themselves out.

Do batteries give off electromagnetic radiation?

Like batteries used in handheld devices, lithium-ion and other types of batteries do not give off electromagnetic radiation. These batteries store electrical energy in chemical form, which can be converted back into electrical energy and discharged back to the grid. This conversion is performed by a bidirectional inverter, which must be tested and certified for electromagnetic compatibility.

Do batteries produce noise?

Batteries alone do not make any noise. Unlike other power infrastructure or generation facilities, energy storage systems have very low noise profiles, with fans, HVAC systems, and transformers producing sounds at similar levels to standard commercial buildings.

What do grid batteries look like? Is there light pollution?

Battery energy storage systems may or may not be visible from a facility’s property line. Grid batteries can be housed in a variety of enclosures or buildings, none of which are taller than a house. Energy storage facilities are often unmanned and do not need light to function. Some may have lighting for security purposes, and this would be consistent with normal streetlighting.

This image shows scaled comparisons of battery energy storage system sizes compared to a human.
Image source: AES
How long will grid batteries last?

Grid battery life depends on usage and can last for 20 years or more. One of the earliest deployed grid-scale battery energy storage systems, put into operation in Alaska by the Golden Valley Electric Association, has been in continuous operation since 2003. Batteries will degrade based on numerous factors such as chemical composition, number of charge and discharge cycles, and the temperature of the environment that the batteries are exposed to.

What happens to the batteries when they reach the end of their lifetime?

The U.S. lithium-ion battery recycling industry is growing rapidly to accommodate batteries from both electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Companies are moving beyond simple recovery of raw materials and into direct recycling of electrode materials that can be built sustainably and cost-effectively into new batteries. Indeed, energy storage applications provide the opportunity to repurpose batteries from end-of-life electric vehicles, extracting maximum usage from these units for the benefit of consumers.

How are batteries monitored?

Battery energy storage systems are equipped with sensors that track battery temperatures and enable storage facilities to turn off batteries if they get too hot or too cold. Battery management systems also monitor the performance of each individual cell voltage and other key parameters then aggregate that data in real time to assess the entire system’s operation, detect anomalies, and adjust the system to maintain safety. Battery management systems often contain state of the art software designed to safely operate and monitor energy storage systems.

 

How are battery energy storage systems regulated?

Battery energy storage systems must comply with electrical and fire codes adopted at the state and local level. Facility owners must submit documentation on system certification, fire safety test results, hazard mitigation, and emergency response to the local Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) for approval. Before operation, facility staff and emergency responders must be trained in safety procedures and are required to be given annual refresher training.

To learn more, refer to ACP’s ESS Codes and Standards Overview. The U.S. storage industry has continuously supported the development of codes, standards, and best practices to promote safety.

What are the certification requirements for energy storage systems?

The fire codes require battery energy storage systems to be certified to UL 9540, Energy Storage Systems and Equipment. Each major component – battery, power conversion system, and energy storage management system – must be certified to its own UL standard, and UL 9540 validates the proper integration of the complete system. Additionally, non-residential battery systems exceeding 50 kWh must be tested in accordance with UL 9540A, Standard for Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems. This test evaluates the amount of flammable gas produced by a battery cell in thermal runaway and the extent to which thermal runaway propagates within the battery system.

What are some key parameters for energy storage systems?

Rated power is the total possible instantaneous discharge capability, usually in kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW), of the system. Energy is the maximum amount of stored energy (rate of power over a given time), usually described in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or megawatt-hours MWh. Cycles are the number of times the battery goes from fully (or nearly fully) charged to discharged (or fully discharged). The amount of time or cycles a battery storage system can provide regular charging and discharging before failure or significant degradation is typically the cycle lifetime. State of Charge (SoC) is usually expressed as a percentage and represents the battery’s level of charge and ranges from completely discharged to fully charged. The state of charge influences a battery’s ability to provide energy or ancillary services to the grid at any given time. State of Health (SoH) is a calculation that will express the estimated remaining capacity including degradation. This can be simplified into the difference between a new battery and the actual battery based on the amount of capacity lost to degradation caused by time, temperature, number of cycles, and several other factors.

What is the difference between AC and DC coupled systems?

Energy storage systems are typically defined as either AC or DC coupled systems. This is simply the point of connection for the energy storage system in relation to the electrical grid or other equipment.

For AC (alternating current) coupled systems, the batteries are connected to the part of the grid that has AC or alternating current.

For energy storage systems that are also connected to solar energy, there is an option to have the energy storage system be DC (direct current) coupled. Since solar generation systems create DC electricity, it is often most efficient to have this go directly to the batteries (via a DC-DC converter) as DC energy. This can be utilized for residential, commercial, or utility applications.

A comparative chart explaining the differences between AC (alternating current) coupled systems and DC (direct current) coupled systems.

How do energy storage systems strengthen grid reliability?
  • Frequency Response and Regulation: Energy storage ensures the moment-to-moment stability of the electric system at all times.
  • Peaking Capacity: Energy storage meets short-term spikes in electric system demand that can otherwise require use of lower-efficiency, higher-cost generation resources.
  • Maximizing Renewable Energy Resource: Energy storage reduces curtailment of renewable generation resources and maximizes their contribution to system reliability.
  • Grid Infrastructure Support: Energy storage relieves transmission and distribution infrastructure congestion, prevents reliability violations on power lines, enhances the resilience of wires infrastructure, and creates a more flexible power system.
  • Increasing Operational Flexibility: Energy storage facilitates efficient integration of a diversity of generation resources and improves the ability of the electric grid to adapt rapidly to changes in demand and generation.
  • Improving Grid Resilience: Energy storage serves as back-up power for individual homes, businesses, communities, and the broader grid system to minimize and prevent power outages and service interruptions from extreme weather.

Understanding the U.S. energy storage market

How large is the battery energy storage market?

Large-scale battery storage systems are increasingly being used across the power grid in the United States. U.S. battery storage has jumped from just 59 MW in 2010 to 4,588 MW in Q4 2021.

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), in 2010, seven battery storage systems accounted for only 59 megawatts (MW) of power capacity—the maximum amount of power output a battery can provide in any instant—in the United States. By 2015, 49 systems accounted for 351 MW of power capacity. This growth continued at an increased rate for the next six years, and the total number of operational battery storage systems has grown more than 600% to 325 for a total of 4,588 MW of installed power capacity as of the end of 2021.

Is there a U.S. domestic manufacturing supply chain for energy storage systems?

Currently, this is a very narrow subsector of the energy storage market with few manufacturers. Tesla is the primary manufacturer of battery energy storage in the United States, although a growing market will inevitably attract more investment in domestic manufacturing, along with the jobs and economic benefits that follow these facilities. Currently, design, engineering, construction and other local contracting represent the largest local domestic supply chain for energy storage.

How are batteries arranged in an energy storage system?

Battery energy storage systems vary in size from residential units of a few kilowatt-hours to utility-scale systems of hundreds of megawatt-hours, but they all share a similar architecture. These systems begin with individual battery cells, which are electrically connected and then packaged in a battery module. Battery modules are aggregated with controls and other equipment and housed within racks, which in turn are built into an enclosure, such as a cabinet or ISO shipping container, or a building. One or more of these enclosures or buildings, along with necessary electrical equipment, comprise the battery energy storage facility that discharges to or charges from the electrical grid.

An image depicting an energy storage system, and the operation and use of the energy storage system.
Image Source: Saft
An image depicting an energy storage system with details about battery energy storage, and the operation and use of the energy storage system.
Image Source: Fluence
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